workingbits.net - dns.ninja

`workingbits.net`

DNSSEC	⚠️ Not signed
A	3.167.112.25^{🇺🇸 Amazon3.167.112.0/21}
		PTR	`server-3-167-112-25.iad55.r.cloudfront.net`
A	3.167.112.55^{🇺🇸 Amazon3.167.112.0/21}
A	3.167.112.75^{🇺🇸 Amazon3.167.112.0/21}
A	3.167.112.81^{🇺🇸 Amazon3.167.112.0/21}
NS	`ns-129.awsdns-16.com` ⭐
		A	2600:9000:5300:8100::1^{🇺🇸 Amazon2600:9000:5300::/48 - CloudFront}
			PTR	`ns-129.awsdns-16.com`
		A	205.251.192.129^{🇺🇸 Amazon205.251.192.0/24 prefix}
			PTR	`ns-129.awsdns-16.com`
NS	`ns-1447.awsdns-52.org`
		A	2600:9000:5305:a700::1^{🇺🇸 Amazon2600:9000:5305::/48 - CloudFront}
			PTR	`ns-1447.awsdns-52.org`
		A	205.251.197.167^{🇺🇸 Amazon205.251.197.0/24 prefix}
			PTR	`ns-1447.awsdns-52.org`
NS	`ns-1893.awsdns-44.co.uk`
		A	2600:9000:5307:6500::1^{🇺🇸 Amazon2600:9000:5307::/48 - CloudFront}
			PTR	`ns-1893.awsdns-44.co.uk`
		A	205.251.199.101^{🇺🇸 Amazon205.251.199.0/24 prefix}
			PTR	`ns-1893.awsdns-44.co.uk`
NS	`ns-525.awsdns-01.net`
		A	2600:9000:5302:d00::1^{🇺🇸 Amazon2600:9000:5302::/48 - CloudFront}
			PTR	`ns-525.awsdns-01.net`
		A	205.251.194.13^{🇺🇸 Amazon205.251.194.0/24 prefix}
SOA	`ns-129.awsdns-16.com`awsdns-hostmaster@amazon.com serial=1

`net`

	DNSSEC	🔒 Signed (DS record present)
	NS	`a.gtld-servers.net` ⭐
	NS	`b.gtld-servers.net`
	NS	`c.gtld-servers.net`
	NS	`d.gtld-servers.net`
	NS	`e.gtld-servers.net`
	NS	`f.gtld-servers.net`
	NS	`g.gtld-servers.net`
	NS	`h.gtld-servers.net`
	NS	`i.gtld-servers.net`
	NS	`j.gtld-servers.net`
	NS	`k.gtld-servers.net`
	NS	`l.gtld-servers.net`
	NS	`m.gtld-servers.net`
	SOA	`a.gtld-servers.net`nstld@verisign-grs.com serial=1782176905

Same first word

workingbits.com

workingbits.de

workingbits.net

workingbits.io

DNS History

73 records (8 active, 65 former)

●NSns-129.awsdns-16.com2017-01-04 → 2026-06-23 · 2 obs

● 2017-01-04 05:29:56
● 2026-06-23 01:09:52

●NSns-1447.awsdns-52.org2017-01-04 → 2026-06-23 · 2 obs

● 2017-01-04 05:29:56
● 2026-06-23 01:09:52

●NSns-1893.awsdns-44.co.uk2017-01-04 → 2026-06-23 · 2 obs

● 2017-01-04 05:29:56
● 2026-06-23 01:09:52

●NSns-525.awsdns-01.net2017-01-04 → 2026-06-23 · 2 obs

● 2017-01-04 05:29:56
● 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A108.138.14.1022026-06-12 → 2026-06-15 · 7 obs

○ 2026-06-08 18:14:28
● 2026-06-12 15:53:48
○ 2026-06-12 17:49:08
○ 2026-06-15 15:03:16
● 2026-06-15 21:19:42
○ 2026-06-16 01:17:52
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A108.138.14.122026-06-12 → 2026-06-15 · 7 obs

○ 2026-06-08 18:14:28
● 2026-06-12 15:53:48
○ 2026-06-12 17:49:08
○ 2026-06-15 15:03:16
● 2026-06-15 21:19:42
○ 2026-06-16 01:17:52
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A108.138.14.302026-06-12 → 2026-06-15 · 7 obs

○ 2026-06-08 18:14:28
● 2026-06-12 15:53:48
○ 2026-06-12 17:49:08
○ 2026-06-15 15:03:16
● 2026-06-15 21:19:42
○ 2026-06-16 01:17:52
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A108.138.14.92026-06-12 → 2026-06-15 · 7 obs

○ 2026-06-08 18:14:28
● 2026-06-12 15:53:48
○ 2026-06-12 17:49:08
○ 2026-06-15 15:03:16
● 2026-06-15 21:19:42
○ 2026-06-16 01:17:52
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A108.139.134.102026-04-08 → 2026-06-07 · 23 obs

○ 2026-04-07 22:47:48
● 2026-04-08 22:05:34
● 2026-04-08 23:43:42
○ 2026-04-09 00:24:38
● 2026-04-09 01:59:56
● 2026-04-10 07:49:40
○ 2026-04-10 18:40:50
○ 2026-04-11 08:25:50
● 2026-04-12 01:07:40
○ 2026-04-12 08:46:34
○ 2026-04-19 14:24:54
● 2026-04-20 03:52:00
○ 2026-04-20 07:18:48
○ 2026-05-18 04:43:40
● 2026-05-18 19:08:00
○ 2026-05-19 04:56:56
○ 2026-06-03 01:23:04
● 2026-06-06 07:05:24
● 2026-06-06 18:05:56
○ 2026-06-07 07:00:56
● 2026-06-07 16:33:22
○ 2026-06-07 22:03:56
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A108.139.134.1132026-04-08 → 2026-06-07 · 23 obs

○A108.139.134.582026-04-08 → 2026-06-07 · 23 obs

○A108.139.134.982026-04-08 → 2026-06-07 · 23 obs

○A108.158.137.1082026-04-09 → 2026-05-16 · 23 obs

○ 2026-04-08 23:43:42
● 2026-04-09 00:24:38
○ 2026-04-09 01:59:56
○ 2026-04-10 07:49:40
● 2026-04-10 18:40:50
○ 2026-04-11 03:55:12
○ 2026-04-15 10:37:28
● 2026-04-16 12:49:00
○ 2026-04-17 06:00:46
○ 2026-05-06 05:14:12
● 2026-05-06 12:21:00
○ 2026-05-06 13:36:32
○ 2026-05-06 22:48:56
● 2026-05-07 07:03:40
● 2026-05-07 12:27:36
○ 2026-05-07 20:52:40
○ 2026-05-11 08:56:24
● 2026-05-11 15:43:16
○ 2026-05-11 17:04:56
○ 2026-05-16 00:29:08
● 2026-05-16 04:01:12
○ 2026-05-16 13:45:24
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A108.158.137.522026-04-09 → 2026-05-16 · 23 obs

○A108.158.137.82026-04-09 → 2026-05-16 · 23 obs

○A108.158.137.862026-04-09 → 2026-05-16 · 23 obs

○A108.159.227.1232026-05-19 → 2026-05-20 · 11 obs

○ 2026-05-19 04:56:56
● 2026-05-19 14:35:34
● 2026-05-19 16:54:32
○ 2026-05-19 22:29:32
● 2026-05-20 01:24:58
● 2026-05-20 04:02:30
○ 2026-05-20 08:01:16
○ 2026-05-20 14:44:44
● 2026-05-20 16:44:14
○ 2026-05-21 20:03:26
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A108.159.227.322026-05-19 → 2026-05-20 · 11 obs

○A108.159.227.682026-05-19 → 2026-05-20 · 11 obs

○A108.159.227.842026-05-19 → 2026-05-20 · 11 obs

○A13.227.207.302026-03-28 → 2026-06-08 · 23 obs

○ 2026-03-27 21:28:26
● 2026-03-28 15:03:08
○ 2026-03-29 16:22:56
○ 2026-03-31 18:13:06
● 2026-03-31 23:45:46
○ 2026-04-01 02:15:18
○ 2026-04-06 16:22:24
● 2026-04-07 05:24:46
○ 2026-04-07 22:47:48
○ 2026-05-24 22:58:42
● 2026-05-25 13:04:06
○ 2026-05-25 21:27:38
○ 2026-05-28 06:20:32
● 2026-05-28 22:21:00
● 2026-05-29 11:29:16
○ 2026-05-29 21:45:24
○ 2026-05-31 09:51:00
● 2026-05-31 13:48:34
○ 2026-06-02 01:56:14
○ 2026-06-07 22:03:56
● 2026-06-08 16:13:46
○ 2026-06-08 18:14:28
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A13.227.207.312026-03-28 → 2026-06-08 · 23 obs

○A13.227.207.362026-03-28 → 2026-06-08 · 23 obs

○A13.227.207.552026-03-28 → 2026-06-08 · 23 obs

○A13.249.182.112026-02-15 → 2026-03-21 · 22 obs

○ 2026-02-15 09:37:08
● 2026-02-15 23:26:56
● 2026-02-17 04:15:38
○ 2026-02-18 04:29:22
○ 2026-02-20 19:49:44
● 2026-02-21 06:08:24
○ 2026-02-21 09:59:48
○ 2026-02-25 07:48:06
● 2026-02-25 13:47:40
○ 2026-02-25 23:04:58
● 2026-02-26 07:53:00
○ 2026-02-26 09:00:18
○ 2026-02-28 03:27:10
● 2026-02-28 22:39:36
○ 2026-03-01 02:29:14
○ 2026-03-20 05:36:48
● 2026-03-20 17:22:00
○ 2026-03-20 19:46:30
○ 2026-03-21 15:50:28
● 2026-03-21 17:11:12
○ 2026-03-21 17:58:42
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A13.249.182.582026-02-15 → 2026-03-21 · 22 obs

○A13.249.182.732026-02-15 → 2026-03-21 · 22 obs

○A13.249.182.752026-02-15 → 2026-03-21 · 22 obs

○A13.33.67.1262026-03-14 → 2026-03-14 · 4 obs

○ 2026-03-13 12:02:30
● 2026-03-14 05:57:16
○ 2026-03-14 06:50:00
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A13.33.67.1292026-03-14 → 2026-03-14 · 4 obs

○ 2026-03-13 12:02:30
● 2026-03-14 05:57:16
○ 2026-03-14 06:50:00
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A13.33.67.472026-03-14 → 2026-03-14 · 4 obs

○ 2026-03-13 12:02:30
● 2026-03-14 05:57:16
○ 2026-03-14 06:50:00
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A13.33.67.532026-03-14 → 2026-03-14 · 4 obs

○ 2026-03-13 12:02:30
● 2026-03-14 05:57:16
○ 2026-03-14 06:50:00
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A13.33.82.222026-03-09 → 2026-05-08 · 22 obs

○ 2026-03-01 02:29:14
● 2026-03-09 00:17:56
○ 2026-03-09 08:06:26
○ 2026-04-22 15:24:54
● 2026-04-23 00:33:58
○ 2026-04-23 09:51:24
● 2026-04-23 19:27:32
○ 2026-04-23 22:37:42
○ 2026-04-27 19:47:08
● 2026-04-28 00:29:52
○ 2026-04-28 06:47:48
○ 2026-05-01 16:33:06
● 2026-05-02 00:35:02
● 2026-05-02 09:50:40
○ 2026-05-02 11:18:02
○ 2026-05-04 19:21:20
● 2026-05-05 00:25:20
○ 2026-05-05 07:11:30
○ 2026-05-07 22:14:30
● 2026-05-08 00:32:46
○ 2026-05-08 06:14:26
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A13.33.82.252026-03-09 → 2026-05-08 · 22 obs

○A13.33.82.402026-03-09 → 2026-05-08 · 22 obs

○A13.33.82.502026-03-09 → 2026-05-08 · 22 obs

○A13.35.163.142026-05-29 → 2026-05-29 · 4 obs

○ 2026-05-28 22:21:00
● 2026-05-29 04:03:54
○ 2026-05-29 11:29:16
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A13.35.163.292026-05-29 → 2026-05-29 · 4 obs

○ 2026-05-28 22:21:00
● 2026-05-29 04:03:54
○ 2026-05-29 11:29:16
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A13.35.163.782026-05-29 → 2026-05-29 · 4 obs

○ 2026-05-28 22:21:00
● 2026-05-29 04:03:54
○ 2026-05-29 11:29:16
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A13.35.163.892026-05-29 → 2026-05-29 · 4 obs

○ 2026-05-28 22:21:00
● 2026-05-29 04:03:54
○ 2026-05-29 11:29:16
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A18.164.116.1172026-03-13 → 2026-03-14 · 7 obs

○ 2026-03-09 08:06:26
● 2026-03-13 10:18:40
○ 2026-03-13 12:02:30
○ 2026-03-14 13:12:04
● 2026-03-14 15:52:28
○ 2026-03-14 16:57:02
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A18.164.116.222026-03-13 → 2026-03-14 · 7 obs

○ 2026-03-09 08:06:26
● 2026-03-13 10:18:40
○ 2026-03-13 12:02:30
○ 2026-03-14 13:12:04
● 2026-03-14 15:52:28
○ 2026-03-14 16:57:02
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A18.164.116.252026-03-13 → 2026-03-14 · 7 obs

○ 2026-03-09 08:06:26
● 2026-03-13 10:18:40
○ 2026-03-13 12:02:30
○ 2026-03-14 13:12:04
● 2026-03-14 15:52:28
○ 2026-03-14 16:57:02
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A18.164.116.392026-03-13 → 2026-03-14 · 7 obs

○ 2026-03-09 08:06:26
● 2026-03-13 10:18:40
○ 2026-03-13 12:02:30
○ 2026-03-14 13:12:04
● 2026-03-14 15:52:28
○ 2026-03-14 16:57:02
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A18.239.183.1122026-05-15 → 2026-05-20 · 13 obs

○ 2026-05-11 17:04:56
● 2026-05-15 17:33:26
○ 2026-05-15 18:09:12
● 2026-05-15 19:17:30
○ 2026-05-15 20:31:26
○ 2026-05-19 16:54:32
● 2026-05-19 22:29:32
○ 2026-05-20 01:24:58
○ 2026-05-20 04:02:30
● 2026-05-20 08:01:16
● 2026-05-20 10:37:08
○ 2026-05-20 14:44:44
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A18.239.183.802026-05-15 → 2026-05-20 · 13 obs

○A18.239.183.822026-05-15 → 2026-05-20 · 13 obs

○A18.239.183.942026-05-15 → 2026-05-20 · 13 obs

○A18.245.143.182026-02-18 → 2026-06-22 · 26 obs

○ 2026-02-17 04:15:38
● 2026-02-18 04:29:22
● 2026-02-18 22:58:18
○ 2026-02-19 04:44:58
○ 2026-02-19 11:04:06
● 2026-02-20 00:16:26
● 2026-03-18 02:57:42
○ 2026-03-18 09:41:38
● 2026-03-21 17:58:42
● 2026-04-07 22:47:48
○ 2026-04-08 22:05:34
● 2026-04-12 08:46:34
● 2026-05-18 04:43:40
○ 2026-05-18 19:08:00
○ 2026-06-08 16:13:46
● 2026-06-08 18:14:28
● 2026-06-16 01:17:52
○ 2026-06-18 23:41:10
○ 2026-06-20 19:24:58
● 2026-06-20 22:35:18
○ 2026-06-21 09:59:58
● 2026-06-21 11:47:30
○ 2026-06-22 08:46:32
● 2026-06-22 15:59:50
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:50
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A18.245.143.382026-02-18 → 2026-06-22 · 26 obs

○A18.245.143.432026-02-18 → 2026-06-22 · 26 obs

○A18.245.143.732026-02-18 → 2026-06-22 · 26 obs

○A3.164.206.182026-03-23 → 2026-03-25 · 11 obs

○ 2026-03-21 17:58:42
● 2026-03-23 02:33:56
● 2026-03-23 03:50:36
○ 2026-03-23 05:42:02
○ 2026-03-23 20:04:42
● 2026-03-24 04:19:18
○ 2026-03-24 12:44:44
○ 2026-03-25 05:30:58
● 2026-03-25 19:38:44
○ 2026-03-25 23:29:04
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A3.164.206.512026-03-23 → 2026-03-25 · 11 obs

○A3.164.206.532026-03-23 → 2026-03-25 · 11 obs

○A3.164.206.82026-03-23 → 2026-03-25 · 11 obs

●A3.167.112.252026-02-15 → 2026-06-23 · 26 obs

○ 2018-06-20 22:43:10
● 2026-02-15 09:37:08
○ 2026-02-15 23:26:56
○ 2026-02-18 22:58:18
● 2026-02-19 04:44:58
○ 2026-02-20 00:16:26
○ 2026-03-18 02:57:42
● 2026-03-18 09:41:38
● 2026-03-19 06:12:38
○ 2026-03-19 16:02:12
● 2026-03-20 04:37:16
● 2026-03-21 15:50:28
○ 2026-03-21 17:11:12
○ 2026-03-26 15:13:22
● 2026-03-27 06:53:44
○ 2026-03-27 21:28:26
○ 2026-06-15 21:19:42
● 2026-06-19 13:19:14
● 2026-06-19 18:54:06
○ 2026-06-19 22:40:20
● 2026-06-20 19:24:58
○ 2026-06-20 22:35:18
● 2026-06-22 08:46:32
○ 2026-06-22 14:03:10
● 2026-06-23 01:09:50
● 2026-06-23 01:09:52

●A3.167.112.552026-02-15 → 2026-06-23 · 26 obs

●A3.167.112.752026-02-15 → 2026-06-23 · 26 obs

●A3.167.112.812026-02-15 → 2026-06-23 · 26 obs

○A3.168.51.212026-05-21 → 2026-06-07 · 22 obs

○ 2026-05-21 20:03:26
● 2026-05-21 23:51:22
○ 2026-05-22 20:15:08
● 2026-05-22 22:14:46
● 2026-05-24 22:58:42
○ 2026-05-25 13:04:06
● 2026-05-25 21:27:38
● 2026-05-28 06:20:32
○ 2026-05-28 22:21:00
○ 2026-05-29 11:29:16
● 2026-05-29 21:45:24
● 2026-05-31 09:51:00
○ 2026-05-31 13:48:34
● 2026-06-02 01:56:14
● 2026-06-03 01:23:04
○ 2026-06-06 07:05:24
○ 2026-06-06 18:05:56
● 2026-06-07 07:00:56
○ 2026-06-07 16:33:22
● 2026-06-07 22:03:56
○ 2026-06-08 16:13:46
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A3.168.51.422026-05-21 → 2026-06-07 · 22 obs

○A3.168.51.672026-05-21 → 2026-06-07 · 22 obs

○A3.168.51.752026-05-21 → 2026-06-07 · 22 obs

○A52.84.118.312026-02-24 → 2026-03-14 · 7 obs

○ 2026-02-21 09:59:48
● 2026-02-24 01:38:58
○ 2026-02-24 15:46:20
○ 2026-03-14 05:57:16
● 2026-03-14 06:50:00
○ 2026-03-14 12:33:26
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A52.84.118.792026-02-24 → 2026-03-14 · 7 obs

○ 2026-02-21 09:59:48
● 2026-02-24 01:38:58
○ 2026-02-24 15:46:20
○ 2026-03-14 05:57:16
● 2026-03-14 06:50:00
○ 2026-03-14 12:33:26
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A52.84.118.842026-02-24 → 2026-03-14 · 7 obs

○ 2026-02-21 09:59:48
● 2026-02-24 01:38:58
○ 2026-02-24 15:46:20
○ 2026-03-14 05:57:16
● 2026-03-14 06:50:00
○ 2026-03-14 12:33:26
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A52.84.118.982026-02-24 → 2026-03-14 · 7 obs

○ 2026-02-21 09:59:48
● 2026-02-24 01:38:58
○ 2026-02-24 15:46:20
○ 2026-03-14 05:57:16
● 2026-03-14 06:50:00
○ 2026-03-14 12:33:26
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A54.68.54.1592017-01-04 → 2018-06-20 · 4 obs

● 2017-01-04 05:29:56
● 2018-06-20 22:43:10
○ 2026-02-15 09:37:08
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A99.84.237.1032026-03-31 → 2026-06-22 · 18 obs

○ 2026-03-29 16:22:56
● 2026-03-31 06:11:36
○ 2026-03-31 07:58:16
○ 2026-03-31 14:59:46
● 2026-03-31 18:13:06
○ 2026-03-31 23:45:46
○ 2026-05-20 16:44:14
● 2026-05-21 20:03:26
○ 2026-05-21 23:51:22
● 2026-06-18 23:41:10
○ 2026-06-19 02:08:24
● 2026-06-19 14:04:28
○ 2026-06-19 18:54:06
● 2026-06-21 09:59:58
○ 2026-06-21 11:47:30
● 2026-06-22 14:03:10
○ 2026-06-22 15:59:50
○ 2026-06-23 01:09:52

○A99.84.237.1282026-03-31 → 2026-06-22 · 18 obs

○A99.84.237.22026-03-31 → 2026-06-22 · 18 obs

○A99.84.237.822026-03-31 → 2026-06-22 · 18 obs

🔍 DNS Trace

📋 Delegation Chain

Zone	Nameservers	Glue
net	a.gtld-servers.net, b.gtld-servers.net, c.gtld-servers.net, d.gtld-servers.net...	-
workingbits.net	ns-129.awsdns-16.com, ns-525.awsdns-01.net, ns-1893.awsdns-44.co.uk, ns-1447.awsdns-52.org	2 records

✅ Authoritative Response

Server:205.251.197.167

NS records: ns-129.awsdns-16.com, ns-525.awsdns-01.net, ns-1893.awsdns-44.co.uk, ns-1447.awsdns-52.org

🔒 DNSSEC Status

⚠️ Insecure (no DNSSEC)

No DS record for workingbits.net (unsigned zone)

⏱️ Timing

Total: 234ms | Queries: -

📄 Records

Type	Count	Sample Data
A	4	`3.167.112.75, 3.167.112.55...`
NS	4	`ns-129.awsdns-16.com, ns-1447.awsdns-52.org...`
SOA	1	`ns-129.awsdns-16.com awsdns-hostmaster.a`

📌 Glue Records Collected

Total: 2

Out-of-bailiwick: 2 (ns-525.awsdns-01.net, ns-525.awsdns-01.net)

Analysis

IP Addresses

workingbits.net points to the four IP addresses 3.167.112.25, 3.167.112.55, 3.167.112.75 and 3.167.112.81.

d2grq1dsjx3n2y.cloudfront.net, info.lse-online.getsmarter.com, 0x4447.com and two other host names share IP numbers with workingbits.net.

Name Servers

The authoritative name servers for workingbits.net are ns-129.awsdns-16.com, ns-525.awsdns-01.net, ns-1447.awsdns-52.org and ns-1893.awsdns-44.co.uk.

There is at least partial name server overlap between workingbits.net and other domains — d35h7ub5u34xbi.cloudfront.net, protechtgroup.com, calvendo.de and two more among them.

All four hostnames — ns-129.awsdns-16.com, ns-525.awsdns-01.net, ns-1447.awsdns-52.org and ns-1893.awsdns-44.co.uk — resolve to two IP numbers apiece: ns-129.awsdns-16.com to 205.251.192.129 and 2600:9000:5300:8100::1; ns-525.awsdns-01.net to 205.251.194.13 and 2600:9000:5302:d00::1; ns-1447.awsdns-52.org to 205.251.197.167 and 2600:9000:5305:a700::1; ns-1893.awsdns-44.co.uk to 205.251.199.101 and 2600:9000:5307:6500::1.