quicko.com - dns.ninja

quicko.com

DNSSECโš ๏ธ Not signed
A31.43.160.6๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ฆ Amazon31.43.160.0/24 EC2 Prefix
PTRsites.framer.app
A31.43.161.6๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ฆ Amazon31.43.161.0/24 EC2 Prefix
NSns-1694.awsdns-19.co.uk โญ
A2600:9000:5306:9e00::1๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon2600:9000:5306::/48 - CloudFront
PTRns-1694.awsdns-19.co.uk
A205.251.198.158๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon205.251.198.0/24 prefix
PTRns-1694.awsdns-19.co.uk
NSns-1412.awsdns-48.org
A2600:9000:5305:8400::1๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon2600:9000:5305::/48 - CloudFront
PTRns-1412.awsdns-48.org
A205.251.197.132๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon205.251.197.0/24 prefix
PTRns-1412.awsdns-48.org
NSns-285.awsdns-35.com
A2600:9000:5301:1d00::1๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon2600:9000:5301::/48 - CloudFront
PTRns-285.awsdns-35.com
A205.251.193.29๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon205.251.193.0/24 prefix
PTRns-285.awsdns-35.com
NSns-552.awsdns-05.net
A2600:9000:5302:2800::1๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon2600:9000:5302::/48 - CloudFront
PTRns-552.awsdns-05.net
A205.251.194.40๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon205.251.194.0/24 prefix
MXaspmx.l.google.com โญ
A2607:f8b0:4004:c21::1b๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Google2607:f8b0:4004::/48
PTRpe-in-f27.1e100.net
A192.178.155.26๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Google192.178.155.0/24
PTRyuiadrs-in-f26.1e100.net
MXalt1.aspmx.l.google.com(5)
A2800:3f0:4003:c0f::1b๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฑ Google2800:3f0:4003::/48
A108.177.123.27๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Google108.177.123.0/24
PTRlcscld-in-f27.1e100.net
MXalt2.aspmx.l.google.com(5)
A2a00:1450:400b:c02::1a๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ช Google2a00:1450:400b::/48
PTRdj-in-f26.1e100.net
A172.253.116.27๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Google172.253.116.0/24
PTRdj-in-f27.1e100.net
MXalt3.aspmx.l.google.com(10)
A2a00:1450:4009:c0f::1a๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ง Google2a00:1450:4009::/48
PTRyulhrs-in-f26.1e100.net
A192.178.223.26๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Google192.178.223.0/24
PTRyulhrs-in-f26.1e100.net
MXalt4.aspmx.l.google.com(10)
A2a00:1450:400c:c23::1b๐Ÿ‡ง๐Ÿ‡ช Google2a00:1450:400c::/48
PTRyubrupd-in-f27.1e100.net
A172.253.157.26๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Google172.253.0.0/16
PTRyubrupd-in-f26.1e100.net
MXfeedback-smtp.ap-south-1.amazonses.com(10)
A13.126.139.111๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ณ Amazon13.126.0.0/15 EC2 BOM prefix
PTRec2-13-126-139-111.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com
A13.233.43.209๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ณ Amazon13.232.0.0/14 EC2 BOM prefix
PTRec2-13-233-43-209.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com
A13.233.176.226๐Ÿ‡ฎ๐Ÿ‡ณ Amazon13.232.0.0/14 EC2 BOM prefix
PTRec2-13-233-176-226.ap-south-1.compute.amazonaws.com
MXinbound-smtp.us-east-1.amazonaws.com(10)
A3.211.210.226๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon3.208.0.0/12 EC2 IAD prefix
PTRec2-3-211-210-226.compute-1.amazonaws.com
A44.206.9.87๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon44.192.0.0/11 EC2 IAD prefix
PTRec2-44-206-9-87.compute-1.amazonaws.com
A44.210.166.32๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon44.192.0.0/11 EC2 IAD prefix
PTRec2-44-210-166-32.compute-1.amazonaws.com
A54.164.173.191๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon54.164.0.0/15 EC2 IAD prefix
PTRec2-54-164-173-191.compute-1.amazonaws.com
A54.197.5.236๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon54.196.0.0/15 EC2 IAD 54.196.0.0/15
PTRec2-54-197-5-236.compute-1.amazonaws.com
MXinbound-smtp.us-west-2.amazonaws.com(10)
A35.161.157.106๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon35.160.0.0/13 EC2 PDX prefix
A52.13.163.116๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon52.12.0.0/15 EC2 PDX prefix
A52.43.162.244๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon52.40.0.0/14 EC2 PDX prefix
A54.188.121.70๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ Amazon54.188.0.0/15 EC2 PDX prefix
TXTMS=ms66967297
TXTOSSRH-55563
TXTahrefs-site-verification_da471142f3ba6e2f7cc46c51ac5a282000e43c4e6095065cca8c...
TXTanthropic-domain-verification-xq7ryy=w04Dnen0IKDXYNEvJWm8oKoGX
TXTapple-domain-verification=DFtr0u1CjpnPDBKg
TXTfacebook-domain-verification=pgs4ghqvfdg05gu6o4473u802v3b9q
TXTgoogle-site-verification=19ztX7eO74sPwdgGFc2fCnuQNltQ1CfRhqa28Z3Wl44
TXTgoogle-site-verification=Wa_SToS7EZKQUM1DqFqPxhxAeUcgMrIluZxuMorj2lM
TXTgoogle-site-verification=vSTjOOPIIW5j10hvvO_mi4z5oq1vI2ADABQoUlZhms4
TXTgoogle-site-verification=x4HFHPLLIvwOopnfshTNnru5YcieTDq8832_w0JzuF8
TXTlinkedin-site-verification=b4a174e6-fdae-454d-9dbf-d3715465edb8
TXTnotion-domain-verification=6Berk5imJmC5McVhKn9yvzYRKO0q9FK4mV8EvCpZ5x8
TXTnotion-domain-verification=AqLbaiblx1tYpry5SWbPy2Q7GWuaCDXIlPwn7h1HOoT
TXTopenai-domain-verification=dv-4DZ5ZwmoYiZlv9Q1LW96cId6
TXTpostman-domain-verification=1bed817ee046d37fe14a94c322ed77b2adf447f614a60bffc...
TXTtwilio-domain-verification=73c4997901db1c2ce9c3bbcb17a6d1bb
TXTv=spf1 a mx include:_spf.google.com include:amazonses.com include:usermail.zo...
TXTv=spf1 include:transmail.net.in ~all
TXTv=spf1 include:zoho.in include:transmail.net.in ~all
TXTzoho-verification=zb82337349.zmverify.zoho.com
TXTzoho-verification=zb97968816.zmverify.zoho.com
SOAns-1694.awsdns-19.co.ukawsdns-hostmaster@amazon.com serial=1

com

rank #580406 globally
rank #243206 in the tld
๐Ÿ“ˆ Tranco rank: #680,070

Subdomains

Same first word

Similar names

DNS History

39 records (14 active, 25 former)

20162017201820192020202120222023202420252026NSns-1412.awsdns-48.orgns-1694.awsdns-19.co.ukns-285.awsdns-35.comns-552.awsdns-05.netns-114.awsdns-14.comns-1174.awsdns-18.orgns-1244.awsdns-27.orgns-1580.awsdns-05.co.ukns-2024.awsdns-61.co.ukns-280.awsdns-35.comns-643.awsdns-16.netns-790.awsdns-34.netMXalt1.aspmx.l.google.comalt2.aspmx.l.google.comalt3.aspmx.l.google.comalt4.aspmx.l.google.comaspmx.l.google.comfeedback-smtp.ap-south-1.amazonses.cominbound-smtp.us-east-1.amazonaws.cominbound-smtp.us-west-2.amazonaws.comA31.43.160.631.43.161.613.227.166.11913.227.166.4713.227.166.4813.227.166.5752.10.192.18152.27.185.21552.41.7.24052.85.142.10452.85.142.12752.85.142.452.85.142.6154.200.246.5254.201.76.15399.84.224.11499.84.224.14499.84.224.20099.84.224.96
โ—‹NSns-114.awsdns-14.com2015-07-05 โ†’ 2016-12-30 ยท 4 obs
โ— 2015-07-05 05:11:18
โ— 2016-12-30 07:16:40
โ—‹ 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹NSns-1174.awsdns-18.org2015-07-05 โ†’ 2016-12-30 ยท 4 obs
โ— 2015-07-05 05:11:18
โ— 2016-12-30 07:16:40
โ—‹ 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹NSns-1244.awsdns-27.org2020-03-15 โ†’ 2021-05-23 ยท 5 obs
โ—‹ 2016-12-30 07:16:40
โ— 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ— 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ—‹ 2026-02-18 05:31:12
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—NSns-1412.awsdns-48.org2026-02-18 โ†’ 2026-07-23 ยท 3 obs
โ—‹ 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ— 2026-02-18 05:31:12
โ— 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹NSns-1580.awsdns-05.co.uk2020-03-15 โ†’ 2021-05-23 ยท 5 obs
โ—‹ 2016-12-30 07:16:40
โ— 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ— 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ—‹ 2026-02-18 05:31:12
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—NSns-1694.awsdns-19.co.uk2026-02-18 โ†’ 2026-07-23 ยท 3 obs
โ—‹ 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ— 2026-02-18 05:31:12
โ— 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹NSns-2024.awsdns-61.co.uk2015-07-05 โ†’ 2016-12-30 ยท 4 obs
โ— 2015-07-05 05:11:18
โ— 2016-12-30 07:16:40
โ—‹ 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹NSns-280.awsdns-35.com2020-03-15 โ†’ 2021-05-23 ยท 5 obs
โ—‹ 2016-12-30 07:16:40
โ— 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ— 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ—‹ 2026-02-18 05:31:12
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—NSns-285.awsdns-35.com2026-02-18 โ†’ 2026-07-23 ยท 3 obs
โ—‹ 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ— 2026-02-18 05:31:12
โ— 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—NSns-552.awsdns-05.net2026-02-18 โ†’ 2026-07-23 ยท 3 obs
โ—‹ 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ— 2026-02-18 05:31:12
โ— 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹NSns-643.awsdns-16.net2020-03-15 โ†’ 2021-05-23 ยท 5 obs
โ—‹ 2016-12-30 07:16:40
โ— 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ— 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ—‹ 2026-02-18 05:31:12
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹NSns-790.awsdns-34.net2015-07-05 โ†’ 2016-12-30 ยท 4 obs
โ— 2015-07-05 05:11:18
โ— 2016-12-30 07:16:40
โ—‹ 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—MXalt1.aspmx.l.google.com2015-07-05 โ†’ 2026-07-23 ยท 2 obs
โ— 2015-07-05 05:11:18
โ— 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—MXalt2.aspmx.l.google.com2015-07-05 โ†’ 2026-07-23 ยท 2 obs
โ— 2015-07-05 05:11:18
โ— 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—MXalt3.aspmx.l.google.com2015-07-05 โ†’ 2026-07-23 ยท 2 obs
โ— 2015-07-05 05:11:18
โ— 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—MXalt4.aspmx.l.google.com2015-07-05 โ†’ 2026-07-23 ยท 2 obs
โ— 2015-07-05 05:11:18
โ— 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—MXaspmx.l.google.com2015-07-05 โ†’ 2026-07-23 ยท 2 obs
โ— 2015-07-05 05:11:18
โ— 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—MXfeedback-smtp.ap-south-1.amazonses.com2026-02-18 โ†’ 2026-07-23 ยท 3 obs
โ—‹ 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ— 2026-02-18 05:31:12
โ— 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—MXinbound-smtp.us-east-1.amazonaws.com2020-03-15 โ†’ 2026-07-23 ยท 3 obs
โ—‹ 2015-07-05 05:11:18
โ— 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ— 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—MXinbound-smtp.us-west-2.amazonaws.com2020-03-15 โ†’ 2026-07-23 ยท 3 obs
โ—‹ 2015-07-05 05:11:18
โ— 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ— 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A13.227.166.1192020-11-02 โ†’ 2020-11-02 ยท 4 obs
โ—‹ 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ— 2020-11-02 13:15:52
โ—‹ 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A13.227.166.472020-11-02 โ†’ 2020-11-02 ยท 4 obs
โ—‹ 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ— 2020-11-02 13:15:52
โ—‹ 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A13.227.166.482020-11-02 โ†’ 2020-11-02 ยท 4 obs
โ—‹ 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ— 2020-11-02 13:15:52
โ—‹ 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A13.227.166.572020-11-02 โ†’ 2020-11-02 ยท 4 obs
โ—‹ 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ— 2020-11-02 13:15:52
โ—‹ 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—A31.43.160.62026-02-18 โ†’ 2026-07-23 ยท 3 obs
โ—‹ 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ— 2026-02-18 05:31:12
โ— 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—A31.43.161.62026-02-18 โ†’ 2026-07-23 ยท 3 obs
โ—‹ 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ— 2026-02-18 05:31:12
โ— 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A52.10.192.1812015-11-09 โ†’ 2016-04-27 ยท 5 obs
โ—‹ 2015-07-05 05:11:18
โ— 2015-11-09 02:57:16
โ— 2016-04-27 05:05:00
โ—‹ 2016-10-31 03:47:10
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A52.27.185.2152015-07-05 โ†’ 2015-07-05 ยท 3 obs
โ— 2015-07-05 05:11:18
โ—‹ 2015-11-09 02:57:16
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A52.41.7.2402016-10-31 โ†’ 2016-12-30 ยท 5 obs
โ—‹ 2016-04-27 05:05:00
โ— 2016-10-31 03:47:10
โ— 2016-12-30 07:16:40
โ—‹ 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A52.85.142.1042020-03-15 โ†’ 2020-03-15 ยท 4 obs
โ—‹ 2016-12-30 07:16:40
โ— 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ—‹ 2020-11-02 13:15:52
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A52.85.142.1272020-03-15 โ†’ 2020-03-15 ยท 4 obs
โ—‹ 2016-12-30 07:16:40
โ— 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ—‹ 2020-11-02 13:15:52
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A52.85.142.42020-03-15 โ†’ 2020-03-15 ยท 4 obs
โ—‹ 2016-12-30 07:16:40
โ— 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ—‹ 2020-11-02 13:15:52
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A52.85.142.612020-03-15 โ†’ 2020-03-15 ยท 4 obs
โ—‹ 2016-12-30 07:16:40
โ— 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ—‹ 2020-11-02 13:15:52
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A54.200.246.522015-07-05 โ†’ 2015-07-05 ยท 3 obs
โ— 2015-07-05 05:11:18
โ—‹ 2015-11-09 02:57:16
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A54.201.76.1532016-10-31 โ†’ 2016-12-30 ยท 5 obs
โ—‹ 2016-04-27 05:05:00
โ— 2016-10-31 03:47:10
โ— 2016-12-30 07:16:40
โ—‹ 2020-03-15 07:56:36
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A99.84.224.1142021-05-23 โ†’ 2021-05-23 ยท 4 obs
โ—‹ 2020-11-02 13:15:52
โ— 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ—‹ 2026-02-18 05:31:12
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A99.84.224.1442021-05-23 โ†’ 2021-05-23 ยท 4 obs
โ—‹ 2020-11-02 13:15:52
โ— 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ—‹ 2026-02-18 05:31:12
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A99.84.224.2002021-05-23 โ†’ 2021-05-23 ยท 4 obs
โ—‹ 2020-11-02 13:15:52
โ— 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ—‹ 2026-02-18 05:31:12
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26
โ—‹A99.84.224.962021-05-23 โ†’ 2021-05-23 ยท 4 obs
โ—‹ 2020-11-02 13:15:52
โ— 2021-05-23 21:04:54
โ—‹ 2026-02-18 05:31:12
โ—‹ 2026-07-23 12:38:26

๐Ÿ” DNS Trace

๐Ÿ“‹ Delegation Chain

ZoneNameserversGlue
coml.gtld-servers.net, j.gtld-servers.net, h.gtld-servers.net, d.gtld-servers.net...-
quicko.comns-552.awsdns-05.net, ns-285.awsdns-35.com, ns-1694.awsdns-19.co.uk, ns-1412.awsdns-48.org2 records

โœ… Authoritative Response

Server:205.251.197.132

NS records: ns-552.awsdns-05.net, ns-285.awsdns-35.com, ns-1694.awsdns-19.co.uk, ns-1412.awsdns-48.org

๐Ÿ”’ DNSSEC Status

โš ๏ธ Insecure (no DNSSEC)

No DS record for quicko.com (unsigned zone)

โฑ๏ธ Timing

Total: 847ms | Queries: -

๐Ÿ“„ Records

TypeCountSample Data
A231.43.160.6, 31.43.161.6
NS4ns-1412.awsdns-48.org, ns-1694.awsdns-19.co.uk...
MX8aspmx.l.google.com (pri: 1), alt3.aspmx.l.google.com (pri: 10)...
TXT21MS=ms66967297, OSSRH-55563...
SOA1ns-1694.awsdns-19.co.uk awsdns-hostmaste

๐Ÿ“Œ Glue Records Collected

Total: 2

Out-of-bailiwick: 2 (ns-285.awsdns-35.com, ns-285.awsdns-35.com)

Analysis

Hierarchy

quicko.com is the parent domain of it.quicko.com, cdn.quicko.com, learn.quicko.com, tools.quicko.com, accounts.quicko.com and a few other host names.

IP Addresses

quicko.com directs to two IP numbers, 31.43.160.6 and 31.43.161.6

Among the host names that share IP numbers with quicko.com are jooba.com, base-coin-login.framer.ai, inabula.com and two others.

Name Servers

The domain quicko.com is delegated to these four name servers: ns-285.awsdns-35.com, ns-552.awsdns-05.net, ns-1412.awsdns-48.org and ns-1694.awsdns-19.co.uk.

quicko.com shares at least some of its name servers with other domains, including spamburger.com, codeartifact.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com, d2o5kbguofi847.cloudfront.net and two others.

The host names ns-285.awsdns-35.com, ns-552.awsdns-05.net, ns-1412.awsdns-48.org and ns-1694.awsdns-19.co.uk each resolve to two IP addresses: ns-285.awsdns-35.com resolves to 205.251.193.29 and 2600:9000:5301:1d00::1; ns-552.awsdns-05.net resolves to 205.251.194.40 and 2600:9000:5302:2800::1; ns-1412.awsdns-48.org resolves to 205.251.197.132 and 2600:9000:5305:8400::1; ns-1694.awsdns-19.co.uk resolves to 205.251.198.158 and 2600:9000:5306:9e00::1.

Mail Servers

quicko.com is handled by 8 mail servers: inbound-smtp.us-east-1.amazonaws.com, inbound-smtp.us-west-2.amazonaws.com, feedback-smtp.ap-south-1.amazonses.com and 5 other.

quicko.com shares at least some of its mail servers with other domains โ€” for example andrasfetcu.com, otherbrotherproductions.com, alpinechurch.org and two more.

It is common to find these mail servers paired with mail servers aspmx.l.google.com, alt1.aspmx.l.google.com, alt2.aspmx.l.google.com and 4 more.

Hostnames that point to five IP numbers:

inbound-smtp.us-east-1.amazonaws.com directs to 3.211.210.226, 44.206.9.87, 44.210.166.32 and two other IP addresses.

Hosts pointing to four IP addresses:

inbound-smtp.us-west-2.amazonaws.com points to 35.161.157.106, 52.13.163.116, 52.43.162.244 and 54.188.121.70.

Hosts with three IP address records:

feedback-smtp.ap-south-1.amazonses.com resolves to three addresses: 13.126.139.111, 13.233.43.209 and 13.233.176.226.

Hosts with two IP numbers each:

aspmx.l.google.com maps to two IP addresses โ€” 192.178.155.26 and 2607:f8b0:4004:c21::1b.

alt1.aspmx.l.google.com maps to two IP addresses โ€” 108.177.123.27 and 2800:3f0:4003:c0f::1b.

alt2.aspmx.l.google.com maps to two IP addresses โ€” 172.253.116.27 and 2a00:1450:400b:c02::1a.

alt3.aspmx.l.google.com maps to two IP addresses โ€” 192.178.223.26 and 2a00:1450:4009:c0f::1a.

alt4.aspmx.l.google.com maps to two IP addresses โ€” 172.253.157.26 and 2a00:1450:400c:c23::1b.